In my role as a nutritional therapist, clients often ask me about which supplements they should take, whether they should include a daily multivitamin or pop a probiotic. And while we’d all like a clear “yes” or “no” to the question, “What supplements should I take?” The answer is often far less clear.
Your body is unlike anyone else’s, and its needs are complex and unique. Your diet, lifestyle, microbiome status, and your genetic profile can all influence your nutritional needs. So, keeping the bio-individuality of your body’s needs in mind, there is no one-size-fits-all approach to diet or nutritional supplementation. For this reason, it’s wise to work with a nutritionist or health care provider who is well-versed in supporting clients through an individualized nutritional approach.
In addition to deciding which supplements to take (or whether to take them at all), it’s wise to be mindful of quality, production standards, and potential efficacy.
Jump to Probiotics | Vitamins | Minerals | Essential Fatty Acids | Other Support | Tips for Choosing Supplements
Probiotics, Prebiotics and Synbiotics
From a technical perspective, probiotics are live microorganisms which, when administered in the proper amounts, convey a benefit to the host. In simpler terms, probiotics are good bacteria that, when you take them in the right amounts, support your health. It also means that, in order for bacteria to qualify as probiotic, scientific research must support the health benefits of that particular strain.
We know that probiotics help support systemic health (1), by supporting digestion (2), blood sugar regulation (3), and even the production of vitamins (4) and important neurotransmitters that support brain health (5). But, these probiotics are also fragile, and the probiotics in many supplements may not survive the highly acidic environment of the stomach (6). And that means, you’re not getting much benefit, so look for supplements designed to withstand digestion.
What to look for when buying a probiotic:
- Look for a probiotic that can withstand the digestive process to deliver live probiotics to your gut.
- Look for a supplement that combines both probiotics and prebiotics. Probiotics are beneficial bacteria, and prebiotics feed beneficial bacteria.
- Look for a supplement with well-studied strains of probiotics, so you know what you’re getting.
- Seed Daily Synbiotic works well for me, and has 24 well-researched probiotic strains, prebiotics and is designed to withstand the digestive process so you actually get the benefits of probiotics! We’re also an affiliate for them.
Vitamins
Ideally, you should get your vitamins and other nutrients from food, not supplements. But, supplements can be helpful for a few reasons. Sometimes, particularly those on restricted dietary protocols, might find that their diets consistently lack certain vitamins. Accordingly, it makes sense to supplement the diet with those vitamins. Alternatively, other people might take supplementary vitamins for specific therapeutic purposes as recommended by a health care provider or nutritionist.
Taking vitamin supplements regularly is only questionably effective (7), and the efficacy of vitamin supplements depends largely on the individual supplement, the need, and the quality of the supplement. So, be strategic, and work with your health care provider or nutritionist.
When consuming vitamin supplements, choose food-based supplements and supplements with high-bioavailability wherever possible. Further, choose supplements with minimal additives, fillers and excipients. So, always look closely at the ingredient list, and buy high-quality supplements.
What to look for when buying vitamin supplements:
- Look for supplements that are food-based and have high bio-availability for the best efficacy.
- Look for supplements with fewer additives.
- Supplement strategically because you’re missing a nutrient in your diet or because your health care provider or nutritionist has made a recommendation.
- Which vitamins do I take? I take a choline supplement because I have an egg allergy, so I rarely get enough choline in my diet. And, I also take a vitamin C supplement at the recommendation of my nutritional therapist. And, in winter, I often take vitamin D3 at the recommendation of my physician.
Minerals
Like vitamins, sometimes our diets lack a certain mineral in sufficient quantities for health. And while it’s optimal to consume all your micronutrients from a whole foods diet, sometimes diet isn’t sufficient. For example, about half of Americans consume less than the RDA for magnesium (8), and the same goes for calcium, too (9).
Or, sometimes, due to genetics, health history or lifestyle, your individual nutrient needs might be higher than what you typically consume in your regular diet.
What to look for when buying mineral supplements:
- Look for high-quality supplements with high bio-availability for the best efficacy. Minerals can take many different forms, so research the individual mineral and discuss choices with your health care provider or nutritionist.
- Look for supplements with fewer additives.
- Supplement judiciously to close the gaps in your diet, or because your health care provider or nutritionist has reason to believe a particular mineral may be valuable to you.
- Remember that minerals work in balance with one another. So taking mineral supplements may impact the balance of other micronutrients in your body.
- Which minerals do I take? I take an iron- and copper-free multiple mineral supplement and a Magnesium supplement at the direction of my nutritional therapist, in addition to eating mineral-rich foods.
Essential Fatty Acids
A well-planned diet includes a wide variety of healthy fats from a wide variety of sources, but many people struggle to make that happen. In addition to aiming for a variety of fats and oils, you should also aim for balance between omega-3 fatty acids and omega-6 fatty acids.
To that end, most Americans eat too many omega-6 fatty acids and too few omega-3 fatty acids for the proper balance. And that imbalance leads to inflammation and chronic disease (9).
You can find omega-3 fatty acids in fish, flaxseeds and other foods. And you can find omega-6 fatty acids in many seeds, nuts and other foods; however, much of the omega-6 fatty acids in the American diet comes from heavily processed and refined vegetable oils.
Some people, owing to their genetic background or other factors, have an increased need for omega-3s, so high-quality cod liver oil or similar supplements might be particularly valuable for them. While others, might benefit from a more well-rounded variety of supplementary EFAs.
What to look for when buying EFAs:
- Look for high-quality supplements for the best efficacy. Minerals can take many different forms, so research the individual mineral and discuss choices with your health care provider or nutritionist.
- Look for a supplement that contains EPA and DHA. These are omega-3 acids that your body can actually put to use. You’ll find them in fish, fish oil, algal oil and cod liver oil, which is my preference.
- Look for sustainably produced oils as the fishing industry can have a serious impact on oceanic ecosystems. When buying a cod liver oil or a fish oil, make sure to buy one that is sustainably produced from managed fisheries.
- Look for third-party verification of quality, and of sustainability if choosing a marine oil.
- Pay attention to aroma and flavor, as omega-3 fatty acids are prone to rancidity, so always take a fresh-smelling and tasting oil and avoid oils that taste or smell putrid.
- It’s not only about Omega-3s. While most Americans eat too few omega-3s to omega-6s and many can benefit from judicious supplementation, others might benefit from different oils or a full spectrum EFA supplement that includes omega-6s and omega-9s. Further, many people won’t need to supplement at all.
- Which EFAs do I take? I take a small amount of high-quality cod liver oil on days that I do not eat fish.
Other Support
In addition to vitamins, minerals, EFAs and probiotics, many people benefit from additional support. For some people, this means taking herbs and others might benefit from digestive enzymes or even amino acids. The list of additional support you can take is extensive, but as with other supplements, it’s wise to do so strategically, judiciously and with the guidance of a nutritionist or health care provider who can pinpoint what’s likely to be effective and beneficial for you on an individual level.
Tips for Choosing Supplements
- Aim to get your nutrition from food, not supplements.
- Work on foundational wellness practices first, like eating nourishing foods, drinking adequate water, moving your body, and reducing stress.
- Work with a nutritionist to pinpoint the right supplements to meet your needs. Certified nutritional therapists trained in functional evaluations can help support you in this way. Find a provider near you or contact me to work together remotely.
- Talk with your health care provider, especially if you have a medical condition.
- Use supplements judiciously to fill in the gaps where you know your nutrition is lacking.
- Choose food-based supplements with high bio-availability where possible. (Read more about synthetic vs. natural vitamins).
- Choose a synbiotic that combines probiotics and prebiotics and can survive the digestive process like Seed.
- Choose high-quality supplements with minimal (if any) additives and excipients. Supplements are sometimes adulterated (1) and often the research supporting their use is scant (2). and better quality supplements often cost more.
- Pay attention to how you feel, both immediately and longterm. Symptom journals and apps are helpful in keeping track over time.
Citations and References
1) Probiotics: What You Need to Know. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (2019).
1) Rowland, et al. (2018) Gut microbiota functions: metabolism of nutrients and other food components. European Journal of Nutrition.
2) Kasińska, M. A., Drzewoski J. (2015) Effectiveness of probiotics in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Pol Arch Med Wewn.
3) Le Blanc, J. G., et al. (2013) Bacteria as vitamin suppliers to their host: a gut microbiota perspective. Current Opinion in Biotechnology.
4) Yano, J. M.,et al. (2015). Indigenous bacteria from the gut microbiota regulate host serotonin biosynthesis. Cell.
7) Fortman, S.P. (2013) Vitamin and mineral supplements in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: An updated systematic evidence review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Annals of Internal Medicine.
8) Rosanoff, A., et al. (2012) Suboptimal magnesium status in the United States: are the health consequences underestimated? Nutrition Reviews.
9) Environmental Working Group. (2014) HOW MUCH IS TOO MUCH? : APPENDIX B: VITAMIN AND MINERAL DEFICIENCIES IN THE U.S.
10) Simopoulus, A.P. (2002) The importance of the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 essential fatty acids. Biomedicine & Pharmocotherapy.
1) Rocha, T., et al. (2015) Adulteration of Dietary Supplements by the Illegal Addition of Synthetic Drugs: A Review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Safety.
2) National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. (2019) Using Dietary Supplements Wisely.
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Looking for the link to the probiotic supplement that you take. When I click ‘sources’ it takes me to the sales page and I only see cod, beef liver, collagen in t yhe supplements page.
Hi Mindy,
I stopped taking a probiotic, and am currently looking for one that has been proven to survive the digestive process.
Is there NATURAL SUPPLEMENT CONTAINING TOTAL VITIMIN C as food source
Thanks
I have a question about vitamin A during pregnancy. I’ve always been told that too much vitamin A can cause birth defects. Would taking FCLO and desiccated liver at the same time be too much?
Bee Pollen is another wonderful whole food “supplement” to include in your life, particularly during winter months. Then there are all of the the beneficial yeasts to take as needed like Engevita, which can be of most use to vegetarians (rich in B12 etc).
Hi There,
Do you know if the arachidonic acid that is normally found in liver still remains in the dessicated liver tablets? I am pregnant and have been concerned about the ratio while taking FCLO. ( I do now take it with high vitamin butter oil)
Also, I’m now 29 weeks and experiencing major fatigue and lack of appetite as well as a few other symptoms and started to get curious about vitamin a toxicity. Any thoughts on this?
Thanks!
Hi, Yellow Dock is a safe herb to take while pregnant to help with aenemia/fatigue. It is rich in iron and it’s usually a portion of nearly every “pregnancy tonic”. You can purchase this in tincture form from nearly any herb supplier or quality health food shop.
While calf’s liver remains an excellent rich source of folate, 1 cup of garbanzo beans supplies over 70% of the daily requirement. If you’re concerned about overdoing Vitamin A. Spinach supplies even more, although spinach is rather rich in Vitamin A too. It’s always best to boil spinach for around 4 minutes prior to eating rather than raw in a cold salad as raw, it’s acidic content will only make your lack of appetite worst.
Please tell us how to tell if a probiotic is therapeutic grade. Thanks!
Great list… we try to eat liver at least once a week, but like you it doesn’t always happen and I have been meaning to add the liver supplement to our diet.
I’d like to add that I also take kelp capsules, which I also consider to be a good real food supplement. We don’t use iodized salt and, as much as we try, I know we don’t get enough ocean fish and seafood to meet our needs for iodine, plus kelp also contains a lot of trace minerals. It is fairly easy to work seaweed into the diet, but other than sea snacks (love those!) I don’t like or use much seaweed.
Does the FCLO/High vitamin butter oil come as a blend, or do you blend them yourself, and if so, is it equal parts? I have only been able to find them sold seperatly.
I always buy them as a blend.
Great advice! Just one addition. Taking some vitamin C along with iron helps you absorb more iron. Cod liver oil is like a miracle substance.
I currently only take CFLO, but my OBGYN really wants me to be on folic acid in case of pregnancy. What do you think about folic acid?
Oops – FCLO 🙂
Folic acid is synthetic, consume liver for a natural folate source. I encapsulate for easier access to these nutrients.
What standards does a probiotic supplement need to meet in order to be considered a therapeutic-grade probiotic?
I also have questions regarding prenatal intake on the above. We just ordered some garden of life prenatal vitamins, and I also have the cod fish/oil blend, and also thier probiotics. But I’m worried I am not going to get all I need from just our food alone. What are your suggestions. Also, water keifer, & vilii yogert, and the strains it contains, I’m thinking those may be good things on the list to order while expecting? Thoughts?
Jenny, I would like to know what you think of Garden of Life supplements, as they are touted as being “whole-food” supplements? I also am veering away from the amount of supplements I take, but would like to know what you think of their probiotics. Thanks!!
Echoing what a previous commenter asked, I would also like to hear what you have to say about prenatal vitamins. Hoping to be pregnant in the near future, I’ve been thinking about this a lot. While I believe that our nutrients should come from food, not vitamins, I’m also worried that I wouldn’t be disciplined enough, have the food budget, or even the knowledge to obtain all the critical nutrients necessary to support a growing baby through my diet alone. A prenatal vitamin would give me peace of mind about filling in any nutritional gaps I might be missing. I guess I’m kinda scared not to take one! I take cod liver oil/butter oil blend already, and I see that in conjunction with desiccated liver that alone would provide a lot of the nutrients I would need, but I’m also wondering about folic acid.
I totally agree that whole food supplements are better than vitamins. In my house we take a fruit & vegetable supplement. Again, made from whole foods, vine ripened fruits & vegetables, picked and made into powder form at the peak time to provide all the phytonutrients we need. Juice Plus has changed my life and my health. It bridges the gap in my diet to make up for what I am not feeding myself.
Thanks so much for this information. I know it’s from a while ago, but I have a question. I’m going to be trying to get pregnant later this year and my midwife wants me to be on prenatal vitamins with DHA and Vitamin D3. It looks as though the fermented cod liver oil and high vitamin butter oil blends have most of what I need, but I don’t see Folic Acid. Do you know of a good (natural) way to get extra of this? I’m fairly new to whole foods and supplements, but we are trying to do everything we can for our health (and hopefully our child’s). Thanks for your advice.
I realize this is an old post but I wanted to answer the Folic Acid question for anyone else reading it late like myself. Folic Acid is the synthetic version of Folate, which is sometimes called Food Folate to help differentiate. Although you can get Folic Acid from enriched foods like cereal, it is NOT natural and is NOT the same thing as Folate. Folate is the true, naturally occurring version, and is used differently by the body than Folic Acid. Some whole food sources for Folate are liver, pastured egg yolks, leafy greens, and beans.
Thank you for posting about this! I found this article from linking from your Real Food Budget. Both very helpful! We take all of those you mentioned and I was beginning to feel guilty about the expense, but this just reassured me of the choices I’m making for our family! Love the blog!
If you are looking for probiotics that align with Weston A. Price, RAW Probiotics by Garden of Life were formulated based on his principles. They are whole food strains from cultured yogurt and kefir. 30+ strains and high potency. Nothing synthetic.